pure Gold Bars

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       Mining
 The ancient quest for gold

It is believed by many that gold was the first metal known to mankind By the time of recorded history gold was already considered sacred and a symbol of wealth and social rank Myths about gold may be found in...More
 Modern times

Gold ’ s unique relationship with human society and civilisation has only grown during the modern era The mythic and cultural impact of gold has remained at the heart of its fascination while the growing appreciation of gold ’ s...More
 Open pit mines

Open pits are suitable for mining large deposits near the surface so all the excavation is ' top down '. An open - pit mine is usually based on lowering the floor of the open mine in a series of...More
 Underground mines

Underground mines vary more than open pit mines as the rock formations and conditions found deep underground are so diverse The deepest gold mines in South Africa are located some five kilometres below ground although the mine depth varies significantly...More
 Long hole stoping

The long hole method is suitable where geologists discover large strong blocks of ore contained in surrounding rock The strength of the block is crucial as the technique entails the creation of an open space ( known as a ‘...More
 Cut and fill

This technique involves the creation of top and bottom access ( as in long hole stoping ), however the ore extracted in horizontal slices ( or lifts ) from the bottom After a slice is blasted and the broken ore...More
 Cyanidation

Gold cyanidation ( also known as the cyanide process ) is a method used for extracting the majority of mined gold from its ore The technique works by converting gold into a water soluble complex Water is added to the...More
 Floatation

As cyanide will also react to copper where this mineral is present in gold ore a process known as floatation is used in place of cyanidation In this technique after the addition of special chemicals small sulphide particles can be...More
 Smelting

The gold extracted from ore is further purified by smelting A chemical flux is mixed with the metal which is then melted in a furnace at over C causing the gold to separate from most of the impurities – such...More
Less is more: removing impurities from gold

 The extraction of gold from ore and refining it into ‘pure’ gold involves physical and chemical processes conducted on an industrial scale. Most major gold mines process their gold-bearing ore on site to produce ‘doré’ bars of up to 92% purity.
 Refineries

 Mines send doré bars to refineries around the world, where the remaining impurities are removed to create gold of 99.5% purity or greater.

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There is frequent debate about the valuation of any asset or asset class. Sometimes the debate is fierce, and few investment topics evoke as much passion and controversy as gold — especially among professional investors. Many believe that gold is useless as a commodity and are sceptical of its alleged monetary value. For those that have legitimate doubts about the value of gold, this paper is an attempt to address some of those doubts.

Modern refineries use chemical or electrolytic processes to separate pure gold from other substances. In the Miller Process, chlorine gas is bubbled into the molten gold. The impurities within the gold separate from it and form chlorides, which concentrate on the surface of the molten metal. It is then relatively easy to pour off the purified gold, which is about 99.5% pure.

 Gold of even greater purity (99.99%) is created by more complex and expensive electrochemical Wohlwill Process. In this, an electric current is passed through an electrolyte solution of hydrochloric acid and gold chloride. Gold of 99.5% purity is used as the anode and 99.99% pure gold plates out onto the cathode.
Gold in the device: technical and medical applications

 The uses of gold grows each year as a key element across many industry sectors.  This is due to its outstanding characteristics which include an extremely high resistance to corrosion and an ability to conduct both heat and electric current.  These factors make gold the single-most reliable and indispensable metal in the development of new technologies.

 The unique properties of gold also make it useful in medicines and medical devices, pollution control, air bags, mobile telephones, laptop computers, space travel, and many other high-tech applications. Approximately 11% of the demand for gold comes from such technological applications.
 Automotive

Gold is used by the automotive industry in catalytic convertors which convert potentially harmful emissions from engine exhausts into safer substances Nanoparticles of gold alloyed with other precious metals are effective in reducing harmful emissions from the engine exhaust Only...More
 Electronics

Manufacturers in this sector use gold to create components for mobile phones computer systems and a variety of high - performance and safety - critical electronic systems Only silver and copper are better conductors of electricity but these do not...More
 Medicine

It is said that Cleopatra slept in a pure gold face mask to enhance her beauty while in ancient Rome gold salves were used to treat a variety of skin problems Archaeologists have also recovered skulls with gold fillings from...More
 Nanotechnology

Universities research institutes and private enterprises throughout the world are discovering new characteristics and applications for gold nanoparticles on an almost daily basis Researchers at Princeton University have utilised gold nanoparticles in laboratory tests to detect disease which could lead...More
 Space

For decades gold has been a key component in space technology and exploration In addition to its use as a component in electronic systems on the ground and in spacecraft it is used to protect astronauts and equipment from heat...More
 Engineering